Sexual Behavior And Sexual Abuse - 1231 Words

In this time there are so many illnesses and disorders that go either unknown or unseen.One that seems to go misunderstood is sexual compulsive behavior, also known as sexual addiction. Other ways to refer to it is sexual dependency, hypersexuality, nymphomania(for females) and satyriasis(for males). Sexual addiction is the phenomenon in which people can not control their sexual behavior and urges. Those who have this disease is obsessed with sexual thoughts and don t have the ability to control their urges. Some people misunderstand this as an excuse to act this way, yet in reality it s a mental disorder that challeges theindividual.In order for it to be considered an addiction it has to interfere with their lives.Psychologists don t have a criterion for diagnosing sexual addiction, so they treat it similar to that of substance abuse. For someone who has sexual addiction, their thoughts all day will be preoccupied with the thought of sex, and shaping their day around activities that involve sex. For example, watching pronography, masterbathing or planning events that will either involve sex or end in it.This serious disorder can cause devastating effects on the person, emotionally and mentally. Signs that someone is a sex addict can vary on the person. Yet the main signs would be if sex dominates the individual s life; the individual engages in phone sex, computer sex, use of prostitutes,pornography or exhibitionism;the individual habitually masturbates;the individualShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Childhood Sexual Abuse On Adults Sexual Behavior1521 Words   |  7 Pagesimpact of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Adults Sexual Behavior Jamila Kamara Dr. Lauren Vansluytman Morgan State University Sexual abuse leaves many scars, creating feelings of guilt, anger, and fear that haunt survivors throughout their lives. 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Supported Education For Physical Disability Children Education Essay Free Essays

string(93) " supports for peculiar disablements \( The National Council for Special Education, 2006 \) \." Introduction This essay will look at what supports are available for the parents of a five twelvemonth old male child with a physical disablement to enable him to go to mainstream school. The essay will look briefly at the historical position sing instruction and people with disablements, how constructs such as standardization and inclusion impacted on the integrating of people with disablements in mainstream school, therefore the term mainstreaming and the policies and supports that run alongside these constructs and if these policies are brooding of a rights based attack. Commissariats are in topographic point for kids below school age ( up to age 6 ) with physical disablements to go to particular pre-schools that have installations that support their demands ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Supported Education For Physical Disability Children Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now But commissariats are non in topographic point for pre-school services within mainstream schools hence in relation to this subject the term school will associate to primary mainstream schools. Main Body In the Census 2002 it was estimated that about 324,000 people in the population were populating with a disablement ( National Disability Authority, on the Web, neodymium ) . Disability in relation to people is considered to be a â€Å" limitation in their capacity to take part in economic, societal or cultural life on history of a physical, centripetal, acquisition, mental wellness or emotional damage † ( Commission on the Status of People with Disabilities ( 1996 ) cited in Finnerty and Collins, 2005:277 ) . McDonnell ( 2003:28 ) suggests that disablement is non the existent â€Å" damage † but really the barriers within society that dis-enable the individual to take part within mainstream society. Harmonizing to Barnes and Mercer ( 2003 ) the political and societal perceptual experiences of people with disablements was challenged from the 1960 ‘s onwards in that the general position at the clip was to see the individual based on their sensed restrictions. These perceptual experiences were challenged by disablement groups on achieving rights that were attributed to other citizens to besides be attributed for people with disablements. One of the challenges to the traditionally held positions of disablement is the construct of standardization which Walmsley ( 1997 ) provinces was developed by Nirje ( 1969 ) to foreground that people with disablements should hold chances to bask the mundane happenings of life. In that what is the norm for the bulk should be available to people with disablements ( Mitchell 2004 ) . A cardinal component within standardization is inclusion ( Walmsley, 1997 ) . Inclusion became a cardinal component in the development of an integrated educational system ( Finnerty and Collins, 2005 ) . A cardinal factor in inclusion is to take the invisibleness that surrounded people with disablements in the yesteryear and that programmes such as incorporate instruction are a manner of leting kids with disablements to hold a more seeable and positive profile ( Dare and O’Donovan, 2002 ) . The Warnock Report ( 1978 ) cited in Dare and O’Donovan ( 2002 ) reviewed the educational demands of kids with disablements and found that kids with disablements should go to a mainstream school unless it could non supply satisfactorily for their peculiar demands. Education in the early 1900 ‘s was within a unintegrated format of particular schools for people with disablements that reinforced their exclusion from mainstream society. The construct of mainstreaming in which kids with particular demands were catered for within mainstream schools was introduced in Ireland in the 1970 ‘s and was regarded as a more appropriate manner of supplying incorporate instruction ( McDonnell, 2003 ) . But this proviso for particular educational demands within mainstream school still created exclusion in that the format was through particular demands categories and still created distinction ( McDonnell, 2003 ) . Although harmonizing to the Salamanca Statement ( 1994 ) on instruction for people with disablements, inclusion was regarded as proviso within mainstream schools ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . Rights Based Approach The European Social Charter ( 1996 ) states that people with disablements have â€Å" a right to independence, societal integrating and engagement in the life of the community † ( Lawson on the Web, nd:8 ) : and that it places an burden on its member provinces to set in topographic point supports that overcomes barriers to inclusion and engagement. Unfortunately this Charter has merely been signed off by a few member provinces and that the rights included within it have no legal demand. Harmonizing to Lawson ( on the Web, neodymium ) the rights based attack with respect to disablement provinces that people with disablements should hold the same rights as the bulk and that in order to accomplish this that three factors are cardinal. Engagement in their community should non be limited by social barriers such as attitudes towards disablement, or limited by handiness of supports. Engagement is affected by handiness. In that public services should be inclusive with respect to supplying entree for all, for illustration that public conveyance make proper adjustments for the demands of people with disablements. Underscoring the constructs of engagement and handiness are that authorities societal policies allow proviso for disablement issues within mainstream policy formation instead than specific disablement policies which in their nature create greater segregation of people with disablements. ( Lawson, on the Web, neodymium ) . Harmonizing to De Wispelaere and Walsh ( 2007:521 ) when services for people with disablements are still determined within a â€Å" societal public assistance theoretical account † in that the handiness of services are still decided by public organic structures that a rights based attack is non in topographic point. The rights based attack theoretical account would propose that the rights of a individual with disablements are specified in jurisprudence and that a deficiency of this proviso of those rights should let for resort through the general legal system. In Ireland there are presently three models for proviso of instruction for people with disablements, foremost the pupil can go to mainstream school with support from a resource instructor or particular demands helper. The 2nd option is the pupil can go to a particular category within the mainstream school or thirdly the pupil may go to a school designated as a particular school with supports for peculiar disablements ( The National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . You read "Supported Education For Physical Disability Children Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" Assorted statute laws have impacted on the proviso of instruction. The Constitution of Ireland ( 1937 ) states that every kid should hold entree to instruction ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . Education Act ( 1998 ) The Education Act ( 1998 ) stated that instruction was to be provided for all kids and specifically references that kids with particular educational demands be provided for and â€Å" have the same right to avail of and benefit from appropriate instruction as do their equals † ( National Council for Special Education, 2006:79 ) . The Education Act ( 1998 ) allowed that support would be available for extra educational resources such as appraisals of pupils, proficient AIDSs but these excessively were assessed as to what was appropriate and were non an automatic entitlement ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007 ) . The Act besides provided for the puting up of the National Council for Special Education that would move as an independent administration that would within its maps co-ordinate the allotment of educational supports ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . The Act ( 1998 ) stated that kids with disablements had a right to education but the term â€Å" appropriate † allowed for measuring based on what resources were available ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007:532 ) . Therefore this would propose that the Act was non rights based in that the proviso of supports were decided non by factors of engagement or inclusion but by resources. Education Welfare Act ( 2000 ) The Education Welfare Act ( 2000 ) although its chief purpose was to advance attending at schools, is of effect to kids with disablements in that many kids with disablements are non go toing schools because no appropriate school is available. The enrollment procedure within the Act allows that such kids that are being schooled at place are to be assessed by the Health Service Executive to guarantee that the kid is having a criterion of instruction expected, although there is no index of the expected minimal criterion for kids with disablements ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . Equal Status Act ( 2000 ) and ( 2004 ) The Equal Status Act ( 2000 ) amended in ( 2004 ) promoted equality and prohibited favoritism in relation to entree and proviso of services with respect to nine factors of which favoritism because of disablement is one ( Government of Ireland, 2000 ) . In relation to education this considers admittance policies, entree for the pupil to school, edifice or supports ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . But the Act besides states that favoritism can non be considered if it is judged that â€Å" sensible adjustment † was made to let for entree or a â€Å" disproportional load † would be placed on the service supplier to do adjustments, ( National Council for Special Education, 2006:81 ) . For illustration in relation to the scenario, the kid that has the physical disablement might non be able to go to his local primary school because although adjustments such as a incline were installed, that in order to supply other adjustments that it would put a disproportio nal load on the school. Bruce ( 1991 ) cited in Quinn and Redmond ( 2005:145 ) suggests that the entree right besides relates to back up that provide for â€Å" engagement in the societal and cultural life of the community † . Therefore certainly the attending at a local school could be seen as a agency of inclusion for the male child and that exclusion by the school because of no duty to supply services beyond their resources could be considered a misdemeanor of rights with respect to entree as per Bruce ( 1991 ) cited in Quin and Redmond ( 2005 ) . But the fact that the proviso of services is non rights based eliminates the duty of the school to supply services beyond their resources ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007 ) . Education for Persons with Particular Educational Needs Act ( EPSEN ) ( 2004 ) Harmonizing to the National Disability Authority ( 2005 ) the Education for Persons with Particular Educational Needs Act ( EPSEN ) ( 2004 ) set out through its purposes of appropriate instruction, appraisal of identifying of demand, single instruction programs, general allotment system and entreaties to present inclusive instruction for kids with particular educational demands. The Act set out that schools have a responsibility to include kids with particular educational demands and that adjustments are to be made to let inclusion, that the school principal in peculiar had a function to place kids with particular educational demands and arrange appraisal. The appraisal would let the school to use for extra support ( National Disability Authority, 2005 ) . A â€Å" General allotment system † was established that would apportion lasting instructor stations based on the degree of high incidence disablements within the school and the allotment of hours for resource instructors or particular demands helpers for low incidence disablements ( National Council for Special Education, 2006:41 ) . Harmonizing to the National Disability Authority ( 2005 ) the Act stated that the school in partnership with the parents and other professionals would pull up an single educational program to let for the instruction of the kid. The school could be designated by the National Council for Special Education to supply a topographic point in their school for a kid. The Act besides introduced that parents could inform the instructors if they were unhappy with the instruction provided for their kid and that the school was required to turn to this issue. The procedure of entreaties and an Appeals Board was set up to let for referral of differences and possible declaration of differences ( National Disability Authority, 2005 ) . A study by the National Disability Authority ( 2006 ) to reexamine the EPSEN Act ( 2004 ) highlighted assorted facets that were positive and negative. That the General Allocation System was positive in general in that it recognised that supports were needed. But that establishing allotment on degree of high incidence disablements in attending could ensue that pupils that are non within the high-incidence bracket will lose supports that otherwise let them to go to mainstream schools. For illustration described within the low incidence disablements are physical disablement, hearing damage, moderate general acquisition disablement and autism. Concern was raised by parents that kids that were described within high incidence disablements would be more likely to be go toing particular schools that would be more able to supply for their demands. Therefore the degree of high incidence attending would be by and large low in mainstream schools which would impact on allotment of resources as pe r the General Allocation system ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . The study stated that the disablements listed within low incidences does non reflect the diverseness of demand sing supports for integrative instruction and that the General Allocation System by its nature excludes instead than includes ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . Many parents report that entree to mainstream schools for their kids with particular educational demands is hard in that the appraisal of demand for kids is the necessity of the Health Service Executive. Parents are holding jobs deriving appraisal and secondly that the waiting clip for such appraisals is long ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . The appraisal of demand will non needfully measure up that the kid can so travel to a local school in that the school may non be able to supply the adjustments required. With respect to kids with physical disablements the perceptual experience seems to be that if the school provides a incline that it has provided sufficient supports. That the burden is non on schools due to allotment of resources to supply services that have been assessed as needed by the kid and can ensue in the kid being marginalised and excluded if the kid were to stay in mainstream school. Besides that the general physical environment within mainstream schools was non needfully suited to the demands of a kid with disablements and that the inclusion within the school would non be in the kid ‘s best involvements. The assessment procedure is harder to entree for Particular Schools unless they are portion of a clinic that has a resident psychologist. The assessment procedure is in itself labelling in that the p erceptual experience of appraisal of demand automatically deduce an educational restriction within the kid which may non be the instance ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . The inclusive construct of the EPSEN ( 2004 ) was positive in that it gave kids with disablements an chance to socialize with their equals but that the deficiency of supports consequence in exclusion as the kid can non to the full incorporate without these supports ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . An inclusive educational system provides for the diverse demands of all the kids in attending and by offering different supports for the kids needs it celebrates diverseness and encourages engagement harmonizing to Florian and Rouse ( 2009 ) . But allotments based on available resources could propose that the Act has failed in its purposes of inclusion ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . The troubles in deriving entree and supports has resulted that the duty frequently falls to the parents of kids with disablements to supply the educational support ( Power, 2008 ) . Besides the Act states that the particular needs helpers will hold no function in proviso of instruction but th e proviso of attention for the kid ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . But the functions of the particular demand helpers have become education proviso in that resources have impacted on educational supports and that the particular needs helpers are non trained for this function ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . It had been forecasted that the Act would be implemented by 2010 budgetary restraints have delayed the execution of many elements of the Act ( National Council for Special Education, 2008 ) . The system of specifying low-incidence and high-incidence is non rights based in that it does non turn to the single demands of the kid regardless of what incidence they are within and that the allotment of extra resources such as instructors, particular needs helpers and resource support instructors based on the incidences of grades of disablement is non declarative of an participatory programme. The General Allocation System is non rights based in that the system of allotment of resources based on figure of kids with high incidence disablements is prejudiced towards the kids with disablements within the low incidence bracket ( National Disability Authority, 2006 ) . Disability Act ( 2005 ) The Disability Act ( 2005 ) although non straight linked to instruction does hold mention in that it provided for the right to supply for an appraisal of demands sing wellness and instruction, roll uping a service statement, but it does non automatically imply proviso of services to fit demands. Besides the right to appeal determinations sing appraisal and service statement but that there was no resort through the legal system ( National Council for Special Education, 2006 ) . The Disability Act ( 2005 ) although supplying for appraisal of demands sing wellness and instruction have non allocated a minimal degree of service bringing as per the Irish Human Rights Commission ( 2004 ) cited in De Wispelaere and Walsh, ( 2007 ) . That although the appraisal of demand is a definite right that it is undermined by the clause that the Service Statement after the Assessment Report allows that services may non be provided if it is â€Å" non possible or practical to supply † ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007:532 ) and would therefore suggest that the Act is non rights based statute law. Harmonizing to De Wispelaere and Walsh ( 2007 ) with respect to the Disabiltiy Act ( 2005 ) that although a right to appeal is mentioned that the entreaty procedure is drawn-out, in that an entreaty will hold to be addressed by a liaison officer, ailments officer, and entreaties officer whereby the determination made is concluding and that so the lone resort is an entreaty through the High Court. That a individual with a disablement is prevented from availing of an independent justice such as an Ombudsman until the internal entreaty procedure is completed suggests that the entreaties procedure is â€Å" dis-abling † ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007:534 ) . Harmonizing to De Wispelaere and Walsh ( 2007 ) the rights based attack that proviso of services should be a legal right based on demand appraisal has two defects. First that the outlook of bringing of services could ensue in a continual demand on public resources. Second that the warrant of bringing of service could be considered to â€Å" undemocratic † if the proviso of â€Å" disablement rights † were to dispute the rights of a authorities to make up one’s mind â€Å" economic and societal policies † ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007:523 ) . They proposed that a rights based attack should instead than guarantee that all demands are met, that people with disablements should wish the bulk of people have the right to dispute when services are non in topographic point through the general legal system. With respect to the scenario at the start of the essay for the parents of a male child aged five to go to his local primary school and what supports would be available to him. The Disability Act ( 2005 ) allows that the male child ‘s demands are to be assessed but that the bringing of services will be dependent on the equal resources available ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007 ) . Therefore the kid might be assessed to hold a peculiar demand but it would non be the duty of the local primary school to supply the services required for his demand if it was beyond their abilities and resources. The fact that there is no legal demand on a service supplier to guarantee service bringing that would let this male child to go to the school would propose that there is no rights-based attack with respect to disablement statute law and policies in Ireland ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007 ) . Decision Legislation has been put in topographic point within the Irish system that aims to supply instruction for people with disablements. In order to to the full take part entree to instruction and acquisition is overriding but it would look that the rights of the individual with a disablement to hold an equal opportunity of full instruction is determined by standards that measures degrees of disablement instead than diverseness of demand and that adjustment of supports is determined non as a right but as to what resources will be deemed appropriate by Government Departments. Besides that the purposes of the statute law to turn to peculiar issues sing instruction of people with disablements are weakened by the inclusion of clauses such as â€Å" sensible adjustment † and â€Å" disproportional load † ( National Council for Special Education, 2006:81 ) and would propose that the right to instruction is non as clear cut for kids with disablements. Besides disablement rights in Ireland have non received a unequivocal standard sing which rights must be protected and to what grade and that in order to be genuinely rights based this must be the instance ( De Wispelaere and Walsh, 2007 ) . How to cite Supported Education For Physical Disability Children Education Essay, Essay examples

Crucible VS. McCarthyism free essay sample

The similarities include continuous accusations, leading politicians, and the action to witchcraft and communism. The Salem witch trials and McCarthy both involved ongoing accusations that led to numerous innocent people being accused and prosecuted. In The Crucible, local people accuse Women and men in Salem of witchcraft. When the teenage girls first accuse Tuba, the Reverends housekeeper, a chain of accusations begin. To avoid death, Tuba accused others in the town causing each of the accused to place blame on others.The Crucible is a metaphor for the accusations made in the 1 asss during the McCarthy era. Senator Joseph McCarthy led the rise of allegations with a list of people he felt were related somehow to communism. The list that was made grew as more people accused others for personal revenge. These continuous accusations went on until the original list of over 200 grew to almost 10,000. The accusations would not have led to any consequences without a leader to oversee the proceedings. We will write a custom essay sample on Crucible VS. McCarthyism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Both the Salem witch trials and McCarthy had instigators who fueled the hysteria.The Crucibles judge supervising the trials of those charged of witchcraft. He not only supervised the trials, he set the punishments for those convicted of witchcraft. It was the judge who decided who was to get what punishment although all accused were innocent. The modern Judge Dominator is Senator Joseph McCarthy who watched over the sasss McCarthy era. During the McCarthy era, Senator McCarthy oversaw the proceedings and created the House UN-American Committee. Senator McCarthy directed the questioning to all those accused of association with communism.The Salem witch trials and McCarthy pretty much go hand in hand. During the witch trials everybody started accusing everybody else of witchcraft. During the McCarthy era, Senator McCarthy started accusing people of being unionists. Senator McCarthy also made up most of the statements he said about the supposed communists. Senator McCarthy is a guy that was known for lying and never telling the truth. A lot of people were executed and basically everyone was killed. They both had leaders causing public hysteria against the accused. Then people realized that there was no proof.Also people that were accused had no say fiftieth were guilty weather they were or not. The similarities begin with a culture Of panic. Both instances are characterized by this. The Salem Witch Trials were the result of a concerted effort to find witches brought on by panic. The same was true for Senator McCarthy in the Senate. He was on a mission to find communists and rallied a panicked public around him. The hysteria in Salaam led to many people being accused of witchcraft and hanged. McCarthy was fueled by hysteria because people accused others of being Communists. Both were fueled by paranoia and mass hysteria.The McCarthy Hearings were referred to as witch hunts because of their similarity to the Salem witch trials. They both struck fear in the people due to the guilty until you confess attitude which controlled the courts. In Salem the only way to escape death was to confess ND repent; in the McCarthy hearings if you were accused, whether guilty or not, you would always be viewed as a Communist. McCarthy also relates to Abigail in The Crucible, because they both made false accusations against innocent people. McCarthy accused people of being communists, whereas Abigail accused people of using witchcraft.Of course, the events were very different in results and reasons, but the main idea of seeking and hunting down the people who represent different ideals is the same. In both cases, the leaders were looking for people to blame their own fears and lack of certainty on. It was with the Salem witch trials that people from one side of town were accused of being witches, not because they had done anything related to witchcraft, but because they or their families occupied valuable land that the accusers or their masters or friends were seeking to purchase at low prices.By associating the land with witchcraft, the value of the property was greatly decreased. If the woman was found guilty of witchcraft, they and their families could be stripped of their property making it easier to be acquired by those seeking to own it. Senator McCarthy managed to form a innate commission to investigate the spread of communism in the USA, putting particular focus and emphasis on the entertainment industry.

Study Guide for Crossword Puzzle free essay sample

Guide Acids and Bases: 1. Be able to identify both the Bronsted–Lowry acid and base from a given reaction. ~An acid is a proton donor ~A base is a proton acceptor H3PO4 + H20 H3O+ +H2PO4- H3PO4 is an acid so it is a proton donor. It gives its positive atom to the other element 2. Be able to calculate the pH of a solution given [H3O+] Example: What is the pH of a solution with a [H3O+] of 1 x 10-2 M? The pH level should equal the exponent number of 2. Redox Reactions: Be able to identify what is reduced and what is oxidized in a redox reaction. Ex: What is reduced in the following reaction? 2 Bi3+ + 3 Mg 2 Bi + 3 Mg2+. The reduced element in the following is Bi (Bismuth) because that element is broken down without its charge number. Boyle’s Law: Be able to apply Boyle’s Law to solve for either pressure or volume Ex: A sample of helium gas occupies 1245 mL at 705 mmHg. We will write a custom essay sample on Study Guide for Crossword Puzzle or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For a gas sample at constant temperature, determine the volume of helium at 745 mmHg. P1V1=P2V2 If the pressure goes down, the volume goes up. V2=P1V1/P2 P1=705 mmHg P2=745 mmHg V1= 1245 mL V2= (705)(1245)/745 877725/745=1179 mL=V2 Charles’ Law: Be able to apply Charles’ Law to solve for either volume or temperature (remember to convert to Kelvin) Example: A gas at a temperature of 95 degrees C occupies a volume of 159 mL. Assuming constant pressure, determine the volume at 15 degree C. V1=V2 T1=T2 95Â °C+273=368K= T1 159 mL=V1 15Â °C + 273=288 T2 V2= (368)(159)/288=204 mL Ideal Gas Law: 1. Be able to calculate molar mass given density Example: For a gas at standard temperature and pressure with a density of 2. 75 g/L. determine its molar mass. Standard temperature and pressure occupies a volume of about 22. 4 L. This is known as the standard molar volume of a gas. V=cn (where c is a constant) n is number of molecules 2. Be able to calculate volume or pressure, using PV=nRT P=pressure, V=Volume, n=number of moles of gas, T=Temperature (Kelvin) R=ideal gas constant (0. 0821) for 1 mole of gas at STP, p=1 atm,V=22. 414 L, T= 273. 15K R=PV/nT

Free Essays on Gnostics

Though Rome was unbending in its demand of obeisance to the state, it tolerated a remarkably free expression of religious thought. Within its borders could be found groups adhering to ideas of Eastern Buddhism, Persian Zoroastrianism, the Egyptian Hermetic tradition, Jewish monotheism, the sun worship of Mithras, and Greek Platonic thought. Gnosticism was one of these religions. It had its own sacred scriptures and ideas but it also freely borrowed from other traditions, developing a richly endowed theology. Alexandria was the main center of learning in the empire, its library the most famous of antiquity. In this great city at the mouth of the Nile congregated groups of varied culture and creed. Yet despite the outward signs of political peace and unity there was raging within the Roman soul a moral war. The accumulation of vast riches in the upper strata of society, excessive and cruel taxation of the peasants, widespread slavery, and disrespect for human life had risen to such a height that the inner decay they spread was destroying the heart of the nation. For this reason numerous groups were seeking to counter the prevailing decadence with a return to a higher morality. Throughout the empire, in the deserts or forests of the land, small societies of spiritual seekers began to gather. Often they led ascetic lives, determined to address the dissolution they saw in mainstream culture. In cities like Alexandria were born schools of philosophy, and great moral teachers sought to instil their students with higher ideals. The Christian groups in time became one of the loudest voices against the evils of the empire. They taught simplicity and communal sharing. Decrying the lot of the poor and oppressed, they denounced slavery and the brutality of the Roman gladiatorial games which slaughtered the underprivileged by the thousands. Many of the disaffected joined their ranks. Rome had always speedily silenced such popular protest, either ... Free Essays on Gnostics Free Essays on Gnostics Though Rome was unbending in its demand of obeisance to the state, it tolerated a remarkably free expression of religious thought. Within its borders could be found groups adhering to ideas of Eastern Buddhism, Persian Zoroastrianism, the Egyptian Hermetic tradition, Jewish monotheism, the sun worship of Mithras, and Greek Platonic thought. Gnosticism was one of these religions. It had its own sacred scriptures and ideas but it also freely borrowed from other traditions, developing a richly endowed theology. Alexandria was the main center of learning in the empire, its library the most famous of antiquity. In this great city at the mouth of the Nile congregated groups of varied culture and creed. Yet despite the outward signs of political peace and unity there was raging within the Roman soul a moral war. The accumulation of vast riches in the upper strata of society, excessive and cruel taxation of the peasants, widespread slavery, and disrespect for human life had risen to such a height that the inner decay they spread was destroying the heart of the nation. For this reason numerous groups were seeking to counter the prevailing decadence with a return to a higher morality. Throughout the empire, in the deserts or forests of the land, small societies of spiritual seekers began to gather. Often they led ascetic lives, determined to address the dissolution they saw in mainstream culture. In cities like Alexandria were born schools of philosophy, and great moral teachers sought to instil their students with higher ideals. The Christian groups in time became one of the loudest voices against the evils of the empire. They taught simplicity and communal sharing. Decrying the lot of the poor and oppressed, they denounced slavery and the brutality of the Roman gladiatorial games which slaughtered the underprivileged by the thousands. Many of the disaffected joined their ranks. Rome had always speedily silenced such popular protest, either ...

Pauses in Speech and Writing

Pauses in Speech and Writing In phonetics, a pause is a break in speaking; a moment of silence. Adjective: pausal. Pauses and Phonetics In phonetic analysis, a double vertical bar (||) is used to represent a distinct pause. In direct speech (in both fiction and nonfiction), a pause is conventionally indicated in writing by ellipsis points (. . .) or a dash (- ). Pauses in Fiction Gwen raised her head and spoke haltingly, fighting back tears. He told me Tuesday there was too much damage . . . She wiped her wet face with her fingers. But he wants to send her to a specialist in Memphis. (John Grisham, A Time to Kill. Wynwood Press, 1989)Anyone who is guilty of such practices . . ., he paused for effect, leaning forward and staring at the congregation, . . . anyone in town . . ., he turned and looked behind him, at the monks and nuns in the choir, . . . or even in the priory . . . He turned back. I say, anyone guilty of such practices should be shunned.He paused for effect.And may God have mercy on their souls. (Ken Follett, World Without End. Dutton, 2007) Pauses in Drama Mick: You still got that leak.Aston: Yes.Pause.Its coming from the roof.Mick: From the roof, eh?Aston: Yes.Pause.Ill have to tar it over.Mick: Youre going to tar it over?Aston: Yes.Mick: What?Aston: The cracks.Pause.Mick: Youll be tarring over the cracks on the roof.Aston: Yes.Pause.Mick: Think thatll do it?Aston: Itll do it, for the time being.Mick: Uh.Pause.  (Harold Pinter,  The Caretaker. Grove Press, 1961) The pause is a pause because of what has just happened in the minds and guts of the characters. They spring out of the text. Theyre not formal conveniences or stresses but part of the body of the action. (Harold Pinter in Conversations With Pinter by Mel Gussow. Nick Hern Books, 1994) Pauses in Public Speaking If you prefer to read your speech, make sure to pause frequently, take a breath, look up, and scan the audience. . . .Besides allowing you to fill your lungs with air, pausing also allows the audience to absorb the spoken words and create pictures in their own minds. The habit of pausing eliminates the dreaded um and err and adds emphasis to your last point. (Peter L. Miller, Speaking Skills for Every Occasion. Pascal Press, 2003) Pauses in Conversation There are even rules about silence. It has been said that, in a conversation between two English speakers who are not close friends, a silence of longer than four seconds is not allowed (which means that people become embarrassed if nothing is said after that time- they feel obliged to say something, even if it is only a remark about the weather.) (Peter Trudgill, Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th ed. Penguin, 2000) Types and Functions of Pauses A distinction has been drawn between silent pauses and filled pauses (e.g. ah, er), and several functions of pause have been established, e.g. for breathing, to mark grammatical boundaries, and to provide time for the planning of new material. Pauses which have a structural function (juncture pauses) are distinguished from those involved in hesitation (hesitation pauses). Investigations of pausal phenomena have been particularly relevant in relation to developing a theory of speech production. In grammar, the notion of potential pause is sometimes used as a technique for establishing word units in a language- pauses being more likely at word boundaries than within words. (David Crystal, Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 6th ed. Blackwell, 2008) Systematic pausing . . . performs several functions: marking syntactic boundaries;allowing the speaker time to forward plan;providing semantic focus (a pause after an important word);marking a word or phrase rhetorically (a pause before it);indicating the speakers willingness to hand over the speech turn to an interlocutor. The first two are closely connected. For the speaker, it is efficient to construct forward planning around syntactic or phonological units (the two may not always coincide). For the listener this carries the benefit that syntactic boundaries are often marked. (John Field, Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts. Routledge, 2004) Lengths of Pauses Pausing also gives the speaker time to plan an upcoming utterance (Goldman-Eisler, 1968; Butcher, 1981; Levelt, 1989). Ferreira (1991) showed that speech planning-based pauses are longer before more complex syntactic material, whereas what she terms timing-based pauses (after already spoken material), tend to reflect prosodic structure. There is also a relationship between pause placement, prosodic structure, and syntactic disambiguation across a range of languages (e.g., Price et al., 1991; Jun, 2003). In general, tasks that require greater cognitive load on the speaker or that require them to perfom a more complex task other than reading from a prepared script result in longer pauses . . .. For example, Grosjean and Deschamps (1975) found that pauses are more than twice as long during description tasks (1,320 ms) than during interviews (520 ms) . . .. (Janet Fletcher, The Prosody of Speech: Timing and Rhythm. The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, 2nd ed., edited by William J. Hardcast le, John Laver, and Fiona E. Gibbon. Blackwell, 2013) The Lighter Side of Pauses: Joke-Telling [A] critical feature in the style of all stand-up comedians is a pause after the delivery of the punch line, during which the audience laughs. The comic usually signals the onset of this critical pause with marked gestures, facial expressions, and altered voice intonation. Jack Benny was known for his minimalist gestures, but they were still discernible, and worked wonderfully. A joke will fail if the comic rushes to his next joke, providing no pause for audience laughter (premature ejokulation)- this is comedys recognition of the power of the punctuation effect. When the comic continues too soon after delivery of his punch line, he not only discourages, and crowds-out, but neurologically inhibits audience laughter (laftus interruptus). In show-biz jargon, you dont want to step on your punch line. (Robert R. Provine, Laughter: A Scientific Investigation. Viking, 2000)

Managing for Competative Advantage Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing for Competative Advantage - Assignment Example The review also includes an evaluation of the performance of both the management teams through financial and non-financial parameters, and finally gauges the true competitive position of M&S in the market. . Myners and Rose assumed control of the company's leadership by replacing the team of Vandevelde and Holmes. There seem to be significant distinction in the approaches of both the management teams in restoring the M&S competitive advantage. The main focus of the previous management had been on the enhancement of clothing market share and Roger Holmes (Annual Review 2003, p3) highlighted the three major domains of their efforts as furthering amelioration in the stronger clothing categories (women formal wear), following the growth chances in low share clothing categories (men's wear) and finally revolutionising the weak categories (children wear). However despite all these efforts, the previous management ended up in losing its significant market share in the clothing market, in particular womenswear which used to the core area of the company's business and profits (Annual Review 2003, p6). The entire focus of the new management team, however, seemed more strictly on the price and product innovation and improvement. They approached to regain the company's lost market share and competitive position through price benchmarking and product innovation to provide more value to the customers and consequently to win in the competitive environment (Annual Review 2005, p4). Marketing The previous management utilised marketing and advertisement in the course of various product campaigns (Annual Review 2004, p8). The company's marketing tactics also underwent change under the new management, which emphasised clearly on a unified M&S brand rather than focusing on a vast range of sub-brands. It focused on strengthening and bringing together the various M&S brands and reflected its traditional relationship with core customers in its marketing and advertisement campaigns (Annual Review 2005, p5). Human Resources Human resources and people management has been the core issue concerning both the management teams. The previous management was however less focused in its strategies to develop the M&S people. Furthermore, in the process of store refurbishment and improvement, the previous team (Annual Review 2004, p5) indicated an intention to lay off about 1000 workers in order to control costs. This could have led to a decline in employee morale and performance. The new management focused on a people amelioration approach, it further took care of its human resources in a much-enhanced manner through proper and evident training, rewarding, developing and listening strategies (Annual Review 2006, p17) to improve employee performance and motivation levels. . Operations The former management team posed great emphasis on opening new stores and carrying out renovation in the older ones making them look more contemporary and convenient so as to win more customers in the competitive marketplace (Annual Review 2004, p16). Furthermore, it also identified the need for ameliorating the supply chain management and sourcing of products to win a competitive edge in the market (Annual Review 2004, p9). The new management team came with a sharpened approach to revolutionising store

Personal Biography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal Biography - Essay Example When other girls of my age found their happiness in malls and shopping, I doodled, painted and played games with my brothers to get mine. Even though no one ever believed in me, I wanted to get into my dream school, pursue designing and aimed to become an amazing and inspirational designer someday. I never got any computer training during my school time in Jakarta but I was aware how relevant computers were today in the world of fashion and hence I self-taught myself to understand and use applications such as Photoshop from different forums and mediums such as the internet. I held onto my dream of becoming a designer and inspired myself constantly. After completing my high school, I shifted to Los Angeles to continue my degree in a community college because my parents were reluctant to let me take up art. However, my dream never left me and I was sure someday they would realize that art was the only thing that I wanted to do. Soon enough they understood the fact that designing was my sole passion and therefore allowed me to follow my dream of going to FIDM and taking up design. That was the happiest day of my life when finally my dreams were given wings and there are no words to thank my parents who gave me the much needed support. Every day that I spend at FIDM energizes me to reach my goal of becoming successful and inspiring others to become creative and finally making my parents proud without whom it would have been impossible to be the person that I am

Personnel Management and Organizational Behavior Essay Example for Free

Personnel Management and Organizational Behavior Essay Four ways to shape employee behavior are: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and extinction. Positive reinforcement is following a reaction with something enjoyable (Robbins Judge, 2007). Employees need recognition for exceeding the organization’s standard on job performance. A well-organized reward program will motivate employees to excel the organization’s standard. Example of this are: employee of the month, quarter or year, and recognitions to employees for presenting ideas to improve the organization’s operation. Negative reinforcement is also referred as â€Å"looking busy†. Supervisors should explain the task to the employee, provide necessary resources, and ensure the work is performed to standard. These actions will help eliminate negative reinforcement. Punishment and knowing the organization’s standard are directly related. The organization’s standard, duties and responsibilities of the employees have to be established in order to hold employees accountable for their incorrect behavior. Punishment can be used as the way to unsure employees follows the standard. The different type of punishments have to be included in the workplace policy to ensure the employee knows what could happen if he/she does not follow the standard. Extinction is a behavior not reinforced, causing it to disappear (Robbins Judge, 2007). Adequate supervision and communication in the workplace are two key elements to assess this behavior and eliminate when is not needed. Managers have to develop ways to shape employee’s behavior in order to improve performance. Shaping the employee’s behavior starts with adopting practice that encourage employees to be responsible, loyal, and committed to an organization’s goal (â€Å"Strategic Planning in the Payroll Department†, 2007). Some of these practices include setting standards, establishing duties and responsibilities, and direct supervision. Discuss the three components of an attitude. The main components of an attitude are: cognitive, affective, and behavioral. Cognitive component is a consciously held opinion or belief (Colborn, 2007, p. 68), such as â€Å"sexual harassment is wrong†. Managers should enforce values, high standard, group and cultural behavior awareness to improve the working environment. The affective component is the emotional tone or feeling of an attitude (Colborn, 2007): â€Å"I don’t like Charles, because he harasses his female employees†. Leaders should maintain open communication with their employees to let them express their feelings and emotions. Behavioral component is the intent to behave in a certain way toward something or someone (Robbins Judge, 2007), such as â€Å"I’m going to avoid Charles because of his improper conduct†. This action could cause problems in the work group and if not handle properly it will set a bad example to the employees. In conclusion leaders should understand the components of an attitude in order to establish means to avoid these in the working environment. Enforcing values, high standards, open communication and continues supervising are key to success. How is bounded rationality related to decision making? Bounded rationality is defined as making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity (Robbins Judge, 2007, p. 161). This concept used a method where a satisfactory solution is obtained in stade of the optimal solution. This approach is driven by previous experiences, limited information and selecting the first solution that satisfies the constraints. Decision-making process is a detail process to obtain the best solution. During this process all alternatives and courses of action are considered and evaluated completely. This approach consumes time and resources because every alternative has to be evaluated in order to obtain the best solution. In my opinion the decision-making process should be exercise as much as possible in order to obtain the optimum solution to a problem. Leaders should be aware of both approaches and select one based on time, safety concerns, priority of the task, and resources available. What is a quality circle? Quality circle is a work of employees and supervisors, who meet regularly to discuss their quality problems, investigate causes, recommend solutions, and take corrective actions (Robbins Judge, 2007, p. 237). A successful quality circle should include the following: a comptroller, individual assignment, tentative times, progress report, implementation and performance monitoring. The comptroller will be in charge of conducting the meetings, keeping record of the problems, progress and implementation. Problems should be brainstorm by the group and assigned to the best qualify employee. Each problem should have a tentative time to obtain a solution. During each meeting a progress report is required in order to ensure timely solution of the problem. Implementing the solution and monitoring its performance will ensure employee’s satisfaction and develop credibility to the quality circle. The end statement of the quality circle is to fix problems in the organization.

The Parliament :: essays research papers

The Parliament was an elected organization set up by the king to manage the country to save the King the effort. Although officially ruled by the King, Parliament was increasing it’s power so rapidly that by the 1600s it could no longer be relied on to do what the King wanted. King Charles 1st came into conflict with his Parliament in 1629 when he ordered Parliament to raise taxes and it refused. His response was to abolish Parliament and he ruled Parliament on his own for 11 years. However, the people didn’t support him and he ran short of money so he had to reinstate Parliament in 1640. However, conflict broke out again in 1642 when Charles tried to have 5 members of Parliament arrested who had been actively disagreeing with his policies. The MPs fled into the back of the streets of London but when the King went after them, the citizens expelled him angrily from their city. This was a direct violation by the people of the supreme power of the King and marked the beginning of the English Civil War. Those English who supported the King (the Cavaliers) had support in north England and Wales and the parliamentarians (Roundheads) had support in the rest of England. Despite the fairly even start, however, the Cavaliers were fought back and in 1646 the Roundheads forced the King to surrender. However, at the cease fire negotiations Charles would not agree to the Roundhead terms and after a stalemate the war erupted again in 1648. Once again the Cavaliers were defeated but this time he Roundheads did not accept a surrender and instead captured the and executed Charles in 1649. England now had no King. For the next 11 years was a Republic. It was ruled from 1633 to 1658 by a general named Oliver Cromwell, who was a fundamental Protestant but an extremely cruel man. He was given the title ‘Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England’, but he had been active in Ireland long before he undertook that role. In 1641, just before the Civil War, the Irish of Ulster had begun an uprising and attacked the planters who had settled 30 years before. Between 10,000 and 15,000 Protestant planters were murdered by the Irish at places such as Portadown. Due to the war, the English did nothing about this and the death-toll became heavily exaggerated over time. In 1649, after the Civil War had ended, Cromwell landed at Dublin with 12,000 men with the intention of punishing those who had uprisen. He first attacked Drogheda and captured it, slaughtering over 3000 people. He then marched on Wexford town and massacred several hundred people there.

Is It so Safe to Use Nuclear Energy? Essay

The fragile environment of our planet is now under threat. Carbon fuels such as coal and oil are running out and their emissions are destroying the ecosystem. To prevent the harmful effect on the environment, Dr Symonds discussed his view that nuclear power is the best affordable way to protect the nature of the Earth. Although the facts introduced at the conference were quite persuasive, there are some points to argue. There was a statement in which Dr Symonds proposed that nuclear energy is safe and environmentally friendly. It preserves fossil fuels and doesn’t produce greenhouse gases. As a result, we will have a chance to save the natural recourses of out planet and to prevent the destruction of the ozone layer. One more idea introduced at the conference was that nuclear energy is affordable for the policy of every country. Many nuclear power plants are already functioning and they are able to produce much more energy. This will shorten the sums of money spent annually on the environmental protection. To a certain limited extent the views of Dr Symonds can be true, but I would argue that the nuclear energy is as safe as he pleads. The radioactive waste and accidents on the plants are the major disadvantages of using it. The accident on one plant can cause a very serious harm and the consequences can be unpredictable. Moreover, the radioactive waste causes even more negative effect that the use of carbon fuels. To sum up, I would say that nuclear energy is not as safe and practical as Dr Symonds suggests. Some of its drawbacks can be even more harmful to the ecosystem of our planet than the usage of carbon fuels. In my opinion, other form of safe and affordable energy should be pursued.

Life And Work Of Louis Kahn Architecture Essay

Louis Kahn was one of the most celebrated personalities of the twentieth century Architecture. The impact that he made with some of his plant was so singular that he was justly compared with Corbusier and Mies Van Der Rohe. Louis Kahn ‘s work made immense impact specifically on the younger coevals who were more willing to seek out the non-traditional manner of planing edifices. Louis Kahn genuinely believed that all designers should boom for alone excellence which would assist them do an ever-lasting impact on the society, as seen by the plants of Greeks and Eygpt. Keeping this end in head, Louis Kahn devoted his full calling in seeking flawlessness and pursing excellence. Louis Kahn ‘s best plants are located in India, US and Bangladesh and by the way they were produced in last two decennaries of his calling. His works represent precise integrating and assembly of construction, a soundless esteem for stuffs and visible radiations, a dedication to classical geometry, and a great trade of concern for human values. Louis Kahn was considered a puzzling mind or more like a philosopher who wanted to convey out alteration in the field of Architecture. Background Born in 1901 in Estonia, Russia, Louis Isadore Kahn is considered to be one of the most influential designers of the 2nd half of the 20th century throughout the universe. Louis Kahn migrated to the U.S. along with his household in his early old ages ( in 1905 ) . After finishing his graduation from the University of Pennsylvania in 1924, Louis Kahn started his calling as a draftsman and subsequently worked as caput interior decorator in several other houses in Philadelphia. He besides worked in the offices of Philadelphia ‘s prima designers, Paul Cret ( 1929-1930 ) and Zantzinger, Borie and Medary ( 1930-1932 ) . In the latter half of 1930 ‘s Louis Kahn served as a private adviser to the Philadelphia and The United States Housing Authority. His cognition in modern architecture expanded when Kahn worked with European emigrants Alfred Kastner and Oskar Stonorov. In the early 1940s Louis Isadore Kahn associated with Stonorov and George Howe, with whom Louis Isadore Kahn desi gned several wartime lodging undertakings. Kahn was non merely an American designer, but was besides an pedagogue and philosopher. Until 1947, Kahn had worked with a series of spouses, after which, Kahn set up his independent/private pattern. It was during this twelvemonth, that Kahn besides began with his influential instruction calling atA Yale University as Chief Critic in Architectural Design and Professor of Architecture ( 1947-1957 ) and so at the University of Pennsylvania as Cret Professor of Architecture ( 1957-1974 ) .Significant ELEMENTS OF DESIGNKahn wanted to redefine the bases of architecture through a re-examination of construction, signifier, infinite, and visible radiation ; since his earlier work abstained from the international manner modernism. Earlier plants of Kahn had a traditional international manner of architecture. However someplace in the center of his calling, Kahn turned his dorsum on this traditional attack and pursued invention by redefining the usage of construction, light, signifier and infinite. â€Å" Louis Kahn described his pursuit for meaningful signifier as a hunt for â€Å" beginnings, † a religious resource from which modern adult male could pull inspiration † . It is widely believed that Louis Kahn, who was so a Resident Architect at the American Academy in Rome, was highly impressed by the amazing architectural efforts of Greeks, Egyptians and the Romans and this triggered the alteration in his attack of planing the edifices. Other experts believe Kahn was besides influenced by the portion of Philadelphia where he grew up. There were many factory edifices with big Windowss. These brick constructions were really solid. This industrial design is evident in several of Kahn ‘s early plants. The impact of this European experience can been seen in Louis Kahn ‘s latter works. The work undertaken by him in last two decennaries of his life demonstrated a sincere desire to make a sense of topographic point, showcased the true side of construction, and demonstrated the successful application of Platonic geometry rules. Louis Kahn must be credited for re-introducing assorted constructs which most of the modern designers had deserted like centralised infinites, utilizing extended geometric rules and showing solid mural strength. Kahn ‘s edifices are admired for outstanding usage of geometric forms and implementing Platonic geometry rules which creates brilliant experience for the users. Louis Kahn is credited in re-defining modern architecture in more than one ways. For e.g. Kahn was known to appreciate the visual aspect and feel of different stuffs that he used in his work. Kahn is besides known to hold used brick and concrete extensively and his advanced use of these stuffs demonstrated his endowment to the universe. Kahn realised the importance of sunshine and was extremely impressed by its use in Egyptians and Greek plants. Hence Kahn ‘s plants demonstrates wide-scale execution of sunshine through different sorts of interesting Windowss and gaps. Egyptian works besides inspired Kahn to utilize extended geometric forms and hence we find many of his edifices taking form of squares, circles or trigons. Louis Kahn ‘s vision on how an designer can do difference to his design can be seen from the maestro ‘s ain words. â€Å" A edifice is like a human, an designer has the chance of making life. The manner the brass knuckss and articulations come together make each manus interesting and beautiful. In a edifice these inside informations should non be put in a mitten and hidden. Space is architectural when the grounds of how it is made is seen and comprehended. †Examples OF PROJECTS WHERE ELEMENTS OF LOUIS KAHN DESIGN WERE IMPLEMENTEDAll these elements of design doctrine can be seen in all the plants of Louis Kahn get downing from his first mature work – the add-on to the Yale University Art Gallery ( New Haven, Connecticut, 1951-1953 ) . This is considered to be Kahn ‘s first architectural chef-d'oeuvre where one can see that much prominence has been give to the structural inventions demonstrated by hollow tetrahedral concrete ceiling and floor slab system , which was a mater-piece, a antic design of puting the mechanical and electrical systems. Kahn ‘s brilliant artistic sense can be seen from the design of the triangle-shaped stairway which sits in a rounded concrete shell, specifying the servant infinite to be distinguished from the served infinites of the edifice. Richards Medical Research Building at the University of Pennsylvania ( 1957-1965 ) and the Salk Institute for Biological Studies ( LaJolla, California, 1959-1965 ) demonstrated brilliant usage of infinites and is the chiefly responsible for the beginning of the phrase ‘served and servant infinites ‘ . Kahn applied his rules to make chef-d'oeuvres, which made a great trade of sense to the use of infinite and visible radiation. His edifices, like the Yale Art Gallery extension ( 1951-53 ) or the Trenton Boathouse in New Jersey ( 1954-59 ) or even the Richards Medical Towers in Philadelphia ( 1957-62 ) , create amazing effects with the alteration in visible radiation, all possible due to the intelligent usage of infinite and visible radiation. As a consequence, the user gets an wholly different experience of working in the edifice during different times of a twenty-four hours. By building Salk Institute in La Jolla, California ( 1959-67 ) , Kahn created another chef-d'oeuvre which had inordinately animating sequence of edifices. Richards Medical Towers – This edifice demonstrates many cardinal elements of Louis Kahn ‘s architecture. All these elements have been used before by other designers but non all at the same clip. Through this construction, Kahn demonstrates the application of retainer and served infinites, overcomes the job of in sufficient lighting and more significantly integrates signifier, stuff, and procedure. As stated by Romaldo Giurgola and Jaimini Mehta, â€Å" Richards Medical Towers represents a important turning point in modern-day architecture. † Salk Institute in La Jolla – This peculiar edifice emphasizes the rule, â€Å" Keep it simple and strong † . Through this edifice, Kahn has achieved amazing usage of infinite, may it be the infinite available for Laboratories where research is conducted, or may it be the office infinite where thoughts arise. This institute shows a fantastic coaction of head and action. The edifice ‘s beautiful concrete surfaces guarantee precise particularization and brilliant experience. The construction is created in such a manner that it takes attention of the demand to envelop specific infinites and does non trust on a general envelope to cover such specific infinite. Paul Heyer, described the cardinal tribunal of the edifice in a really artistic manner. â€Å" The cardinal tribunal, as a typical Kahn-like infinite of shimmering bluish H2O, a set indicating toward the ocean typifying what human enterprise can carry through at one graduated table with geometric lucidity and im portant but modest deliberation, to give to the graduated table less expanse of the ocean, here the Pacific, a affecting gesture. † Louis Kahn was known for his ability to make heroic architectural constructions that showcased human graduated table. He preponderantly used brick and bare concrete as his edifice stuffs and he used extremely refined surfaces like travertine marble for reenforcing the textures. ( http: //www.answers.com/topic/louis-kahn ) Beyond its functional function, Louis Isadore Kahn believed architecture must besides arouse the feeling and symbolism of dateless human values. Louis I. Kahn attempted to explicate the relationship between the rational and romantic duality in his â€Å" form-design † thesis, a theory of composing articulated in 1959. In his personal doctrine, signifier is conceived as formless and immeasurable, a religious power common to all world. It transcends single ideas, feelings, and conventions. ( http: //architect.architecture.sk/louis-isadore-kahn-architect/louis-isadore-kahn-architect.php ) Built-in to Kahn ‘s impression of dateless signifier in the devising of important architectural infinites is the function of natural visible radiation. Louis Isadore Kahn described construction as the giver of visible radiation. For several undertakings located in hot cheery climes, such as the U.S. Consulate in Luanda, Angola ( 1959-1962 ) . the meeting houses of the Salk institute, the Indian Institute of Management ( Ahmadabad, India, 1962-1974 ) , and the National Capital at Dhaka, Louis Isadore Kahn developed visually dynamic sunblocks. Great walls with diversely shaped gaps shield interior suites from the rough visible radiation. The evocation of a wall in ruins suggests an ancient portion Louis Isadore Kahn ‘s handling of visible radiation is a cardinal subject in two unfulfilled temple undertakings, Mikveh Israel ( Philadelphia Pennsylvania, 1961-1972 ) and Hurva ( Jerusalem Israel, 1967-1974 ) every bit good as in one of his greatest works the Kimbell Art Museum ( Fort Worth, Texas. 1966-1972 ) . In the art museum, light enters through narrow slits in the concrete cycloid vaults and is diffused through the gallery insides, which are rich with travertine and oak. Kimbell Art Museum – This Louis Kahn ‘s chef-d'oeuvre in Fort Worth is a beautiful presentation of outmost flawlessness which can be compared merely to the plants done by the Greeks. Kahn used all the tools and available resources with such perfection, that it produced a edifice which had all the constituents working in a sychronized manner and the system as a whole worked absolutely. It is hard to happen any edifice that does non use the stuffs decently and this one is no exclusion.INSPIRATION FOR OTHER ARCHITECTSLouis Kahn ‘s doctrine and extraordinary work has had influence on quite a figure of modern-day designers. Tadao Ando, in his early mid-twentiess, took intiative and travelled throughout Japan, Europe, Africa and the United States for his architectural surveies. He ne'er took any formal preparation in the field of architecture. He would analyze architecture by detecting the existent edifices and reading books of celebrated designers such as Le Corbusier, Mies Van der Roher, Louis Kahn, etc. After he had gathered plenty cognition through his journey across different states, he started his ain pattern. When asked about specifying his manner of architecture, Tadao had one time said that, â€Å" To me, walls are the most basic elements of architecture, and in all my plants, visible radiation is an of import factor † . The Benetton Communications Research Center ( Italy ) and the Naoshima modern-day art museum, ( Japan ) showed that Tadoa Ando was genuinely divine and has learned a batch from the plants of Louis Kahn. Renzo Piano ( born in 1937 ) completed his graduation in architecture in 1964 after which he worked in his household concern. From 1965-1970, Renzo Piano worked in the offices of Louis Kahn ( Philadelphia ) and ZS. Makowski ( London ) . Along with Renzo Piano, another celebrated designer who was greatly influenced by Louis Kahn was Richard Rogers. Renzo Piano met Richard Rogers at the Expo'70 in Osaka and both instantly realized that they had common involvements. One of the most celebrated undertakings of Renzo Piano & A ; Richard Roger is that of Georges Pompidou Centre in Paris. The edifice was designed in such a manner, as if it were turned ‘inside-out ‘ , with the services seeable on the outsides of the edifice doing the interior of the edifice ‘light and airy ‘ . Therefore, this edifice can be said to be made on the similar BASIC construct which Kahn had applied old ages earlier in the Arts Centre where because of his theory of ‘served ‘ and à ¢â‚¬Ëœservant ‘ infinites, immense services canals rose up through the edifice. Hence, it can be safely concluded that Renzo Piano and Richard Roger were both influenced by Louis Kahn. Architect Norman Foster is another celebrated personality influenced by Louis Kahn. Foster happened to analyze Masterss in architecture in America at a clip when Louis Kahn was planing the extension at the Yale University. Geting influenced by Kahn ‘s designs and doctrine, the two designers have besides ended up planing the universe ‘s most exciting edifices. For illustration, Norman Foster ‘s ‘Hongkong and Shanghai Bank ‘ undertaking demonstrates Louis Kahn ‘s influence on Norman Foster. Another designer inspired by Kahn is James Stirling. Stirling was known for his ‘experimental attack ‘ , which meant that he was non committed to one peculiar manner. Besides, this attack meant that Stirling was ready to seek out new thoughts and that decidedly reflected Louis Kahn ‘s quality of planing. Stirling ‘s earlier undertakings for Oxbridge stressed more importance to the construct than to the artistic and useful demands. Due to this experimental attack and stiff attachment to concept, Stirling was frequently criticized for non following architectural rules.

Felicia Scott, Carethia Cury, and Fetal Abduction

Felicia Scott, Carethia Cury, and Fetal Abduction Carethia Curry, 17 and pregnant, had no reason to suspect that her new friend, who was also pregnant, had devised a cold-blooded plan to kill her and steal her unborn child from her womb. Felicia Scott and Frederic Polion In 1995, Felicia Scott of Tuscaloosa, Alabama, was 29, the mother of two boys and living with her new boyfriend Frederic Polion. Scott was insecure in the relationship  and convinced that the only way to keep Polion happy was by the two of them having a baby together. In the fall of 1995, she announced to Polion, friends, and family that she was pregnant, but there was a problem that only a few in her family knew about. Scott could not get pregnant because, in 1994, she underwent a hysterectomy. An Instant Bond Around the same time that Scott announced her pregnancy, she befriended 17-year-old Carethia Curry who was also pregnant. A trust grew between the two women who spent a lot of time together shopping in childrens departments in stores, and sharing expectant mother stories as their due dates grew closer. On January 31, 1996, Curry, her mother Carolyn ONeal, and Scott spent the day together. After shopping, Currys  mother returned home and Curry, then nine months pregnant, accepted Scotts invitation to go eat pizza and then visit for a while at Scotts home. The Murder As planned, Scott and Curry went for pizza and then to Scotts apartment, but once inside, instead of enjoying a casual conversation, Scott pulled out a gun and shot her pregnant friend twice in the head. The bullets lodged in Currys head did not kill her instantly, but that did not stop Scott from taking a knife and cutting Curry down the entire length of her torso. Once she was cut open, Scott removed the fetus, then pushed the dying mothers body into a garbage can and taped it shut. Frederic Polion  Lends a Hand When Polion returned to the apartment Scott told him she had just given birth there and had put all the blood-soiled linens in the trash can. She asked him to get rid of it. He claims that he did as asked, going out of his way to a deep ravine right out of town to dispose of it. According to Polion, he never looked or questioned the weight of what was in the garbage can, but merely pushed it into the ravine. In the meantime,  Scott took the infant to a hospital in Birmingham and managed to get papers declaring that she was the mother. The Search for Carethia Carolyn ONeal began to worry when Curry failed to return home. At around 2 a.m. she called Scotts home and Polion answered the phone. She asked him where Curry was and he said that he did not know. At around 5 a.m., Scott called ONeal and told her that she had dropped Curry off at home at around 8:30 p.m, after having pizza. Suspecting that something was amiss, ONeal asked Scott directly, what had she done with her daughter. Scott avoided answering and instead began explaining that she had been in Birmingham having her baby and that she was sent home because she did not have insurance. ONeal did not believe her and she contacted the police to report that her daughter had been kidnapped by Scott and Polion. When ONeal learned that Scott had actually come home with the baby, she called the police and told them that she believed that Scott had her daughters baby. The next day the police questioned Scott about the whereabouts of Curry. Then they questioned her about her infant, and she quickly produced the paperwork that listed her name as the mother. For the time being, Scott was safe. More Lies In early February, Scott went to visit her father and made up another story about how she had ended up with the baby. She said the police had stopped a car that she and a friend were riding in and that she fainted. When she awoke, the friend and police were gone, but next to her on the seat was a baby. Her father did not believe the story and was about to ask her to leave when the police arrived and arrested Scott. Carethia  Curry is Found On March 14, 1996, Currys body was found at the bottom of the ravine. Evidence, including blood in Polions truck, convinced prosecutors that the murder was not something Scott accomplished alone. Scott and Polion were charged with kidnapping and murder. The Trials Polion stood by his original statement that he knew nothing of the murder. He was found guilty of kidnapping and was acquitted on the murder charges and sentenced to 20 years in prison. Scott blamed Polion for the murder, saying she only went along with it because she feared for her own life. She was found guilty of all charges and given a life sentence without the possibility of parole. Autopsy Report It was determined through an autopsy that Carethia  Curry lived approximately 12 hours after being shot, sliced opened, and her baby torn from her body. The Baby Carethias  baby girl miraculously survived the ordeal and was eventually returned to her natural father.

What Does it Cost to Attend Saint Josephs University?

For the majority of families with college bound students, college costs are a significant concern. CNN reported in 2016 that the average American family was paying more than $100,000 for a four-year degree from a private university. Hence, it’s no surprise that over 85% of college students now receive financial aid. What is a surprise for many families, though, is how difficult it can be to predict college expenses. In this series, we at dive deep into the costs of attending college at hundreds of schools across the country to help you more accurately predict how much you’re likely to pay. To learn more about how much your family might pay for a degree from Saint Joseph’s University, don’t miss this post. College costs vary quite a bit as many different factors affect them. The amount that your family ultimately pays out of pocket for a college degree depends on how much scholarship money and merit aid your students receives, how much financial aid your family is eligible for, and how much the particular college costs to begin with. It is a complicated equation with many pieces that don’t fall firmly into place until late in the college selection process. It can be helpful, though, to learn about the specific factors that impact cost in an effort to better predict your own expenses. One of the biggest factors in determining college costs is the list price at the college your student ultimately attends. List price, also sometimes referred to as the sticker price, is the total cost of attending that college without any financial assistance. It generally includes tuition, room and board, and all necessary fees. Sometimes certain costs are excluded, like room and board at commuter schools, so make sure to confirm what the list price covers when you are comparing list prices from one school to another. The good news is that most families do not end up paying the entire list price. Instead, they pay a net cost that depends on how much financial assistance they receive in the form of institutional aid, merit aid, or federal, state, and local aid. A student’s financial aid package will often consist of a combination of several or all of these types of aid. The types and amount of assistance granted vary from one family and one student to the next making them difficult to predict in advance, but understanding more about them can help your family prepare for this big investment. During the 2016-2017 school year, the list price at St. Joseph’s was $59,574. Because St. Joseph’s is a private school, it does not offer discounts for state residents and the list price remains the same regardless of where you reside. Still, not many students pay the full list price. Those who should expect to do so are generally students with a family income of $175k or more. In 2016, students who received financial aid only had an average net cost of $53,050. Those without financial need who were awarded merit aid had an average net cost of $46,947. Again, these numbers are the same regardless of state of residence. The amount that a family receives in financial aid is highly dependent on how much that family earns. This means that breaking down net cost by family income level can provide important additional insight. At St. Joseph’s, those costs breakdown as follows. Estimating your chance of getting into a college is not easy in today’s competitive environment. Thankfully, with our state-of-the-art software and data, we can analyze your academic and extracurricular profile and estimate your chances. Our profile analysis tool can also help you identify the improvement you need to make to enter your dream school. St. Joseph’s commonly awards merit aid to its students. In 2017, 82% of students without financial need received merit awards. The average merit award for a student without financial need was $12,627. Saint Joseph’s ranks 270th in the pool over 1000 schools we analyzed for merit aid generosity. Loans are also common amongst St. Joseph’s students. In 2017, 79% of students held a loan to help finance his or her education. The average federal student loans per undergraduate student was $6,761. There’s no doubt that college costs represent a significant upfront expense for most families. It can be helpful to consider this a long-term investment, as a college degree generally leads to a lifelong increase in earning potential. Looking at the student outcomes for a particular college can help you gauge the potential return on this investment. At St. Joseph’s, 79% of students who begin a degree complete it within six years. The average salary ten years after graduation is $59,600. There will undoubtedly be other expenses that arise during the course of a four year degree program, and the cost of these will likely be linked to the local economy. Expenses like groceries, transportation, or even off campus housing will add up over the course of four years, so looking at the local cost of living can help you to better anticipate these costs. Saint Joseph’s University is located in Philadelphia, PA. Generally, big cities have a higher cost of living than suburban or rural locations, but Philadelphia is fairly affordable considering its size. The cost of living index in Philadelphia is 110.4 , meaning it is about 10% more expensive than the national average of all cities and towns. While transportation tends to be very expensive in Philadelphia, driving up the total cost of living, housing is surprisingly affordable given its urban setting. Students living off campus will spend about $834/month on a studio apartment or $1493/month on a three-bedroom. The job market in Philadelphia isn’t great, though. Unemployment rates run significantly above average while recent job growth and projected job growth are both slightly below average. Minimum wage in Pennsylvania is the federally mandated minimum of $7.25/hr, a rate which has held since 2009. Current legislation has been proposed to raise it to $12/hr, but nothing has passed as of May 2019. Scholarship money can be another big help when it comes to funding a college education. Many families think of scholarships as something reserved for only the most academically elite students across the country, but in reality they come in many different shapes and sizes. The most popular scholarship program is the National Merit Scholarship Program, which has over a million participants each year. High school juniors who take the PSAT are eligible for awards through this program based on their scores. Other awards are also distributed based on PSAT scores by the National Hispanic Recognition Program and awards from specific corporations or colleges. To learn more about the program, check out our post How to Qualify for the National Merit Scholarship Program . Scholarships exist on many different levels, too. Some, like the National Merit Scholarship Program, operate nationally and attract large pools of applicants. Others are regional or even local in nature, or have awards received for very specific skills, personal qualities, or backgrounds. You can check out some of the options in these posts: If you’re interested in learning more about college costs, applying for scholarships, and optimizing your student’s application, check out ’s Applications Guidance service. Here, your student will be paired with a personal admissions specialist from a top college who can provide step-by-step guidance through the entire application process, including the funding options available to your family.

Environmental engineering report- flocculation Assignment

Environmental engineering report- flocculation - Assignment Example Proper designing, construction, and minimizing mechanisms are essential for protecting the environment and thus, the process of flocculation is regarded as a significant environment engineering techniques that helps to provide purified water. Thus, the report postulates that the flocculation technology is one of the superior environmental engineering processes to reduce the perilous and harmful substances that are generally present in the water, but the chance of errors remain in the process due to utilization ineffective chemicals. Environmental engineering is the application of science and engineering technology in order to respond to the challenges imposed to the environment. Besides, with the growing population, the extensive land-uses, modernization of technology, increasing operational activities and other factors has led to a significant threat to the environment. However, through this growing concern various environmental engineers are engaged in the activities to develop and provide most noteworthy and technical solutions in order to effectively deal and resolve the environmental problem and issues through the optimum utilization of necessary resources. The main object of the environmental engineering is to improve the condition of the natural environment through providing healthy air, water and land supporting the human habitation as well as a prospering ecosystem. In this regards the flocculation is an indigenous engineering mechanism to treat the wastewater. This mechanism is used to neutralize as w ell as aggregate the various ‘colloidal particles’ that are present in the water. Moreover, this mechanism is utilized to reduce the hazardous substances, color, phosphorous, organic substances, and metal traces including iron, chromium and manganese present in the water. Moreover, due the significant characteristics of colloidal suspension present in the water, it is difficult to separate through the conventional

Press Release Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Press Release - Essay Example Recognizing that fans are interested in more than just sports commentary, Fanzplanet (or Terry Davenport) provides an unparalleled forum for fan interaction. While traditional sports news sites only focus on major news elements, this new social network recognizes that the fan experience expands well beyond what happens between the start and end of the game. Within this spectrum of understanding there are a variety of specific elements that are implemented. As noted, the site implements social media and fan interaction as primary modes of operation. Curious about the atmosphere outside the Super Bowl or World Series? Fanzplanet allows fans to post tailgate, at-game, and home videos that record their game experiences. Fans can login and see actual videos of outside game events, then tune in on television and catch the game. There will even be Fan-Buzz cameras that capture exclusive interviews with fans at the game. In addition to video posting this site allows participants to blog and connect as part of a sports community. Traditional sporting news sites have largely operated to disseminate news, with commentary only as a second-thought. This site brings fan commentary and interaction to the foreground, as in-game blogging occurs allowing fans to directly interact and comment with each other on in-game occurrences. Fans can then add each other to communicate and debate over future games. This increased interactivity is not only informative, it allows fans to participate in the game in a way that brings the sports bar experience to their computer console. Ultimately, this site will be an exciting contribution to the sports and social networking landscape. For the casual and passionate fan, this site offers an unparalleled experience for all sporting experiences. Don’t miss out! Fans can also follow updates on twitter at http://twitter.com/fanzplanetfans and via their Facebook fans page at http://bit.ly/93KsFj. Members of Fanzplanet

Clarity System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Clarity System - Essay Example The clarity works in a very interesting way; it generates quotations, verifies, compute all the orders, delivery notes, invoices on the PDF, word and even Excel formats. Quotations are normally worked out at jaw-dropping speed using powerful computation wizards which is compatible to almost all business sectors. Faraday & Howard (2003) The function of the Excel spreadsheet in the systems clarity space is a hotly mooted debate. Undeniably the unfettered use of spreadsheets in a financial setting creates significant risks. The spreadsheet constitutes an infinite flexibility which is strength as good a weakness. Altered changes and calculation errors that are not authentic can easily undermine the integrity of a spreadsheet budget and the entire consolidated process. The harnessing of bigger characteristics of Excel enhances organisations to leverage the high investment that is already made in the spreadsheet bound processes. Gerald A.M (2006) Clarity advances the precepts by deploying the look and feel of excel. The excel/web interface enhances the acceleration and incorporation of clarity system which reduces training costs because the templates and reports can look like any other spreadsheet. It simplifies deployment of the application since users can access the system via a browser which is already on their desktop. The advantage of using web/excel as the basic user interface is that it's a universal language that has been integrated and used in most organisations. Gerald A.M (2006) Single Centralised Data Model The CPM programs are normally defined as closed loop process, where determining functionality from strategic objectives and long term plans are integrated operational budgets that are monitored, evaluated and reported against absolute results. For a dynamic environment like that one for a construction company, it is advisable that information is shared across the board by the most crucial functionalities and procedures so that there is no replication of data and integrity of information is guaranteed. The structural information such as cost centre account or product group should be consistent whenever observed in the CPM functional suite. However, clarity system supports this capability through a single centralized data model. Gregory Wilberforce (2005) This is in marked contrast to other suppliers that frequently have to 'stage' metadata in complex systems architectures in order to establish consistency across the CPM solution. Inefficiencies such as these impose unwelcome complexity and inevitably invite higher costs of maintenance. Unified Solution Clarity system enhances multi-user functions; many users can integrate with the system through a web based interface, whereas all CPM applications can be accessed through easy-to-use menu system. The modules and templates are also controlled and relayed to the central system. The clarity system offers solutions that address all Corporate Performance Management applications. Single instances of clarity is normally used for budgeting, planning, forecasting, reporting, score carding, consolidations, profitability analysis, sales analysis among many more functions. Open Architecture Clarity systems supports online analytical processing (OLAP) and in conjunction with relational databases like Essbase and Oracle clarity leverages the investments that users have already

Political System in the UK

Political System in the UK United Kingdom has a unique parliamentary democracy which has been shaped by the country’s rich history which has created a political system that has had a fundamental continuity as its mainstay. Most political systems have been born out of revolutions and strife, but the United Kingdom has not experienced any invasion or revolution for over a thousand years (Barrington, 2012, p. 170). The 1642-1651 English Civil War, could be said to be the British revolution although its political consequence, the abolition of the monarchy lasted for a short period of eleven years however, the restored monarchy has lasted for over three hundred years, although it has undergone some considerable changes to date (Barrington, 2012, p. 171). Thus, the lack of revolutions, such as the French or the American revolutions means that the political development in Great Britain evolved gradually albeit in a different manner from the other world major democracies (Pryor, 2007, p. 79). One significant di fference is that the United Kingdom is the one of three countries in the world without a written constitution, the other two being New Zealand and the State of Israel. The political system is a mixture of monarchy, lords, and commoners making it a very complicated system which may not always be democratic. However, much as change has been gradual, it has been largely pragmatic and based on consensus (Barrington 2012, p. 173). As a nation, United Kingdom has been involved in a quiet struggle to shift political power from the powerful monarchy, which claims that it’s power is derived from God to a national parliamentary system that is increasingly representative of the common people and accountable to ordinary people (Pryor, 2007, p. 81). This struggle has seen the achievement of considerable milestones towards full democracy with the monarchy being reduced to mere ceremonial roles in the political arrangement of the nation. The first Model Parliament was constituted in 1295 by King Edward the First, when he convened the first representative assembly (Ingle, 2008, p. 5) It can be observed that, unlike the other absolute monarchs in Europe, the King of England needed the approval of Parliament to institute taxation to the subjects, which literary means that the ability to raise funds was central to exercise of power (Ingle, 2008, p. 6). In 1341, the British political system achieved another milestone with the establishment of the bicameral Parliament (Barrington, 2012, p. 174). What this meant was that the parliament was to be made of two chambers, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. the Bills of Rights, which was enacted In 1689, laid down the limits of the power exercised by the monarchy and gave guidelines on the rights of parliament and rules governing freedom of speech in Parliament, called for regular Parliamentary elections, and importantly, the right to petition the Crown without victimisation (Barrington, 2012, p. 176). The UKs political system is headed by the monarch albeit in a ceremonial manner however, the monarch exercises power through the appointment of a member of Parliament, ordinarily, the leader of the party with most seats in the House of Commons to form the government (Pryor, 2007, p. 83). The monarch, albeit a ceremonial head of state, exercises subtle influences on the legislature through a provision in the constitution that requires senior members of the royal family to be consulted about legislation that could affect their private interests and accorded the opportunity to have a say on the amendment of such legislation(Ingle, 2008, p. 10). The Monarch could be seen effective in terms of advice for successive governments though, this can be debated. One could say that, in contrast the monarchy is a relic of bygone society and that the most poignant role they play is exemplifying a class system. It’s effectiveness as a political branch is subjective. It’s historic value has great significance with operations such as the ceremonial roles mentioned; It gives us our unique identity as a sovereign state. If you believe in the ideals of Monarchy, ‘yes’ It provides continuity and plays a vital role in our constitution. If you don’t believe in it’s ideals, ‘no’ it’s simply an ineffective, overcomplicated relic and should be removed to simplify our political system. Like in most democracies, the United Kingdom state is made up of the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary (Pryor, 2007, p. 85). The separation of power, however, is not a clear as it would be expected in a democratic state, such as the United State of America, whose constitution demands a clear separation of power, for example the president cannot be a member of congress, and cabinet ministers cannot be appointed from elected members of Parliament (Barrington, 2012, p. 178). In the United Kingdom, all ministers are drawn from the legislature, whilst some senior judges sit in the upper house (House of Lords) of the Parliament, and the head of the judiciary is a minister. The British Parliament is housed at the Palace of Westminster; hence, it is commonly referred to as Westminster. This a bicameral parliament, meaning it is composed of two chambers, the upper house, commonly referred to as the house of lords, and the lower house, or the house of commons (Ingle, 2008, p. 14). Most parliamentary authority rest with the Lower Chamber or the House of Commons, which is lead by a speaker, however, unlike many democracies, this position is non-political and political parties avoid contesting in the constituency held by the speaker (Barrington, 2012, p. 179). This means that the speaker is a politician since he represents a constituency in the House of Commons, but cannot play politics while he leads the House of Commons (Stater, 2004, p. 241). This obviously sounds very complicated, but that’s the way things are, and it works perfectly within the United Kingdom political system. Another deviation from most modern democracies, the United Kingdom parli ament, does not operate with a fixed parliamentary term, meaning the general elections are called when the Prime Minister called for it. The Prime Minister does not have a term limit; rather, he can run for re-election so long as he has the support of his party (Barrington, 2012, p. 183). The Prime Minister, who is normally chosen by the head of state, in the case of United Kingdom the head of state is the monarch, from among the elected members of the legislature, is the chief member of the cabinet and as such, the head of the government (Stater, 2004, p. 242). The Prime Minister is normally the leader of the party which controls the house of common. Historically, the Prime Minister office evolved from the growing assertive power of Parliament in the seventeenth century and as the power of the Prime Minister grew, that of the monarch declined (Barrington, 2012, p. 187). It is the practice within the British parliament that the Prime minister appears before the House of Commons to respond to questions from the members of Parliament as part of his accountability to the members of Parliament and by extension to the electorate. In a presidential system, such a practice only happens at the pleasure of the President since he is not directly responsible to parliament on acc ount of having been elected directly by the voters (Stater 2004, p. 243). This is an example on the differences between a parliamentary and presidential system of government. There are many ways in which parliament holds the executive to account. One of the ways is through parliamentary select communities. These are comprised of 11 MP’s and are a group that can investigate any issue they give credence to. They usually investigate matters of public interest and can seek to resolve issues in any department directly linked or has ties with government. Parliamentary select committees could enter into party politics disrupting any proper investigations into conduct of government. It’s also could be seen as difficult to get a honest, coherent and straight answers from people they interview. Furthermore, Liaison Committees which are group of chairmen from all the select committees. The committee will meet with the Prime Minster twice a year and ask questions on pressing issues. This ensures that the Prime Minster, part of the executive, is held to account. These features help keep order within the structure of government and ensure nothings gets overlooked. There may be some flaws in the level of scrutiny, but the whole system doesnt work to appease or manipulate our democracy but ensures some credibility. An Idea to improve could be if a larger, independent and solely dedicated force could scrutinise the executive. The House of Lords is the upper chamber but with little authority, with its main duties being to revise legislation and watch over the government. It is characteristically British and has no parallel in the world. The membership is not fixed and sometime they can be as many as eight hundred active members (Turpin Tomkins, 2011, p. 57). Historically, the House of Lords was composed of the hereditary peers, who essentially were drawn from the aristocracy. Membership to the House of Lords is by nomination, unlike the membership of the House of Commons, which is by election, originally done by the monarch, but in modern times this is done by the Prime Minister (Stater, 2004, p. 244). Once an aristocrat is appointed to the House of Lords it became an entitlement to that family and the membership was passed from one generation to the other, a practice that goes against the principles of democracy (Turpin Tomkins, 2011, p. 58). The Labour Government has, however, abolished these rights he reditary peers to sit in the House of Commons (Morrison, 2013, p. 134). This left what is referred to as life peers, who are members appointed by the monarch on the advice of the government of the day, however, unlike the hereditary peers, they can sit in the House of Lords for life but cannot bequeath the same to progeny (Stater, 2004, p. 246). Most of the life peers are drawn from retired senior politicians, distinguished achievers in various fields such as education and health, and Archbishops and Bishops of the Church of England (Turpin Tomkins, 2011, p. 60). The House of Lords is being subjected to massive reforms with a prospect of enacting legislation to have membership of the House of Lords being through election. Many people disagree with a system of hereditary peer-ship and do not think that hereditary peers have any right to a say in the running of the country, feeling they are appointed by blood rather than achievement. Moreover, the fact they are appointed and not elec ted by the public is another aspect of criticism for the House of Lords. The British voting systems or electoral systems are the elective methods through which representatives for the various parliamentary and municipal are elected to office. The electoral system basically determines the rules that govern the election exercise both at the party and national level (Morrison, 2013, p. 134). The First–Past-The-Post (FPTP) voting system is used for the election of Members of Parliament and for local elections in Wales and England. Under this system, the country or the local authority is divided into small voting regions such as constituencies for members of parliament and wards for local authority (Cabinet Office, 2013, par. 4) The voters are issued with a ballot paper with the names of the candidates at the voting centre and they just put a cross adjacent to their preferred candidate and deposit the market ballot in the ballot box (Morrison, 2013, p. 135).. The ballots are tallied and the candidate with the highest votes is declared as duly elected to represent the ward or constituency. Each constituency has one vote in parliament and the party that achieves the number of seats for a majority wins (Cabinet Office, 2013, par. 8). The advantage of FPTP voting system is that it is an easy system to administer and ensures that to a large degree that one party wins the majority in parliament avoiding coalition’s governments (Turpin Tomkins, 2011, p. 65). The system enhances the production of a two party system which in turn produces one party government which does not have to rely on the coalition partners to pass registration (Catterall, Kaiser Walton-Jordan 2000, p. 45). It also enhances the linkage between the representative and the constituents consequently, giving a better geographical accountability and collaboration. FPTP is a straight forward system allowing for faster voting and quick tallying of votes which helps in giving faster declaration of winners (Catterall, Kaiser Walton-Jordan, 2000, p. 46). The disadvantages of the FPTP system are that it is disproportionate to the actual share of votes won, allowing for a party to get a large percentage of votes cast but not win majority seats in parliament. The system also makes it impossible for small parties to win seats in parliament (Smith, 2010, p. 46). The system enhances the production of a two party system which in turn produces one party government which does not have to rely on coalition partners to pass registration. The system encourages the setting aside of marginal and safe seats, with safe seats being less competitive than marginal seats since they are guaranteed (Ruhnau, 2013, p. 8). Voter turn out for safe seats is normally low reducing the overall voter turn-out tally. The system has been accused of restricting voter’s choices since parties are coalitions of different interest groups and viewpoints. The voters with differing views from the elected candidate do not have a way of expressing those sentiments. The system rewards the popular parties and not the candidates (Turpin Tomkins, 2011, p. 65). Much as the FPTP system is favoured in Britain because it reduces electoral competition to two parties, the 2010 election did not produce a winner with majority votes, necessitated the formation of a coalition government, the first since 1930s (Ruhnau, 2013, p. 9). This occurrence has reignited the debate on electoral reform with the coalition government mooting the idea of holding a referendum on whether Britain should replace the FPTP electoral system with the Alternative Vote system (Cabinet Office, 2013, par. 9). Those who support the FPTP system argue that the general purpose of holding elections is to get a crop of leaders who represent the views of the majority of the citizenry which supposedly are reflected by the popularity of the winning party. They point out that when people are unhappy with a government, they replace it with the other party who may have gained popularity at the expense of the government in power policies (Ruhnau, 2013, p. 9). However, such an arrangement only gives the party in power enough strength to legislate their favoured policies ignoring good ideas and policies from a representative from the opposing party. Much as the argument for proportionate representation as found in the FPTP system is desirable and at face value seem to represent the will of the majority, it, however, denies the citizens independent representation by individuals who can effectively and actively put the government to account for its actions (Ruhnau, 2013, p. 10). This system only manages to recycle the two competing parties by removing one party from power because they are unhappy with it and replacing it with the opposing party, not because they have better governance policies but purely on the demerit of the incumbent (Ruhnau, 2013, p. 10). This scenario has seen the clamour for changes to the FPTP electoral system and replaces it with Alternate Vote system. The AV system is a complicated voting system that calls for voters to rank the candidates with their preferred candidate being ranked first and so on. Candidates are perceived to be elected if they garner more than half of the preference votes cast (Ruhnau, 2 013, p. 12). If such on outcome does not happen, the candidate with least votes is dropped and their votes tallied again to the next marked preference. The tallying process continues till one candidates get the requisite fifty percent of preference votes, and that would be the candidate the AV system declares the winner and duly elected representative of the given constituency. The discussion on the changes to the election system was put to a referendum in 2011 where the United Kingdom citizens were asked whether the electoral system should be changed from First Past the Post with Alternative Voting system, the referendum returned a resounding no vote against the Alternative Voting system. 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